International Vegetarian Union (IVU)
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Research References
Listed with the most recent at the top, alphabetical within each year.

1999

Hebbelinck M, Clarys P and De Malsche A, 1999
Growth, development, and physical fitness of Flemish vegetarian children, adolescents, and young adults.
Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70(suppl):579S-85S

Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ. 1999
The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999; 70(suppl): 525S-531S.

Key, T J. et al. 1999
Health Benefits of a vegetarian diet.
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society v.58 p.271-5.

Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. 1999
Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999; 70(suppl): 516S-524S. (Includes data from the Oxford Vegetarian Study.)

Sanders TAB.
The nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets.
Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 265-269.


1998

Appleby. P et al. 1998
Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the possible roles of animal fat, dietary fibre and alcohol.
Int Jnl Obesity v22 p.454-460

Cummings, J & Bingham, S. 1998
Diet and the Prevention of Cancer
BMJ v.317 p.1636-1640.

Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. 1998
Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a collaborative analysis of 8,300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies.
Public Health Nutrition 1998;1(1):33-41. (Includes data from the Oxford Vegetarian Study.)

Singh, P & Fraser, G. 1998
Dietary Risk Factors for Colon Cancer ina Low-risk Population.
American Journal of Epidemiology v.148 (8) p761-774.


1997

Mann JI, Appleby PN, Key TJ, Thorogood M. 1997
Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals.
Heart 1997;78:450-455.


1995

Appleby P, Thorogood M, McPherson K, Mann J. 1995
Emercy appendicectomy and meat consumption in the UK
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1995;49:594-596.

Appleby PN, Thorogood M, McPherson K, Mann JI. 1995
Associations between plasma lipid concentrations and dietary, lifestyle and physical factors in the Oxford Vegetarian Study.
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1995;8:305-314.


1994

Baghurst, P.A. and Rohan, T.E. 1994
High fibre diets and reduced risk of breast cancer.
International Jnl of Cancer v.56 p.173-176

COMA, Department of Health 1994a
Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease.
HMSO, London

COMA, Department of Health 1994b
Weaning and the weaning diet.
HMS0, London

Law, M.R. et al 1994
By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease.
British Medical Jnl v.308 p.367-372

Stevens, R.G. et al 1994
Moderate elevation of body iron level and increased risk of cancer occurrence and death.
International Jnl of Cancer v.56 p.364-369

Synderwine, E.G. 1994
Some perspectives on the nutritional aspects of breast cancer; food derived heterocyclic amines as etiologic agents in human cancer.
Cancer v.74 (3) p.1070-1077

Thorogood M, Mann J, Appleby P, McPherson K. 1994
Risk of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat eaters.
British Medical Jnl v.308 p.1667-1671


1993

Chang-Claude, J. and Frentzel-Beyme, R. 1993
Dietary and lifestyle determinants of mortality among German vegetarians.
International Jnl of Epidemiology v.22 (2) p.228-236

Diplock, A.T. 1993
Antioxidant nutrients and disease.
Nutrition and Health v.69 (1) p.37-42

Draper, A. et al 1993
The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements?
British Journal of Nutrition v.69 p.3-19

Giovannucci, E. et al 1993a
Folate, methionine and alcohol intake and risk of colo-rectal adenoma.
Jnl of the National Cancer Institute v.85 (11) p.875-884

Giovannucci, E. et al 1993b
A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer.
Jnl of the National Cancer Institute v.85 (19) p.1571-1579

Hankin, J.H. 1993
Role of nutrition in women's health: diet and breast cancer.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.93 (9) p.994-999

Jackson, A.A. and Margetts, B.M. 1993
Protein intakes in the adult population of the UK.
International Jnl of Food Sciences and Nutrition v.44 p.95-104

MAFF 1993
National Food Survey 1992.
HMSO, London

Nathan, I. et al 1993
Vegetarianism and health: is a vegetarian diet adequate for the growing child?
Food Science and Technology Today v.8 (1) p.13-15

Thorogood M, Mann J, McPherson K. 1993
Alcohol intake and the U-shaped curve: do non-drinkers have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular-related disease?
Journal of Public Health Medicine 1993;15:61-68.


1992

Abelow, B.J. et al 1992
Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis.
Calcified Tissue International v.50 p.14-18

Adlercreutz, H. et al 1992
Dietary phytoestrogens and cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Jnl of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology v.41 (3/8) p.331-337

Barnard, N.D. 1992
Adherence and acceptability of a low-fat vegetarian diet among patients with cardiac disease.
Jnl of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation v.12 p 423-431

Bidoli, E. et al 1992
Food consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum in North-Eastern Italy.
International Jnl of Cancer v.50 p.223-229

Cannon, G. 1992
Food and health: the experts agree.
Consumers Association, London

Chang-Claude, J. et al, 1992
Mortality pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow-up.
Epidemiology v.3 (5) p.395-401

D'Amico, G et al. 1992
Effect of vegetarian soy diet on hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome.
The Lancet v.339 p.1131-34.

de Kok, T.M. et al 1992
Fecapentaene excretion and faecal mutagenicity in relation to nutrient intake and faecal parameters in humans.
Cancer Letters v.62 p.11-21

Department of Health 1992
The health of the nation.
HMSO, London

Goodman, M.T. et al 1992
High fat foods and the risk of lung cancer.
Epidemiology v.3 (4) p.288-299

Hall, R H. 1992
A new threat to public health: organochlorines and food.
Nutrition & Health v.8 p.33-43.

Johansson, G. et al 1992
The effect of a shift from a mixed diet to a lacto-vegetarian diet on human urinary and faecal mutagenic activity.
Carcinogenesis v.13 (2) p.153-157

Key TJA, Thorogood M, Keenan J, Long A 1992
Raised thyroid stimulating hormone associated with kelp intake in British vegan men.
Jnl of Human Nutrition and Dietetics v.5 p.323-326

McMichael, A. 1992
Vegetarians and longevity: imagining a wider reference population.
Epidemiology v.3 (5) p.389-391

Rao, A.V. and Janezic, S A. 1992
The role of dietary phytosterols in colon carcinogenesis.
Nutrition and Cancer v.18 (1) p.43-52

Sabate, J. et al 1992
Lower height of lacto-ovo-vegetarian girls at pre-adolescence: an indicator of physical maturation delay.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v 92 (10) p 1263-1264

Salonen, J.T. et al 1992
High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men.
Circulation v.86 (3) p.803-811

Sanders, T.A.B. and Manning, J. 1992
The growth and development of vegan children.
Jnl of Human Nutrition and Dietetics v.5 p.11-21

Tesar, R. et al 1992
Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women.
American Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.56 p.699-704


1991

Ball MJ, Griffiths D, Thorogood M. 1991
Asymptomatic hypothyroidism and hypercholesterolaemia.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1991;84:527-529.

COMA, Department of Health 1991
Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients in the United Kingdom.
HMSO, London

Fraser, G.E. et al 1991
Diet and lung cancer in California Seventh-Day Adventists.
American Jnl of Epidemiology v 733 (7) p.683-693

Kjeldsen-Kragh, J et al. 1991
Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis.
The Lancet v.338 p.899-902.

Sabate, J. et al 1991
Attained height of lacto-ovo-vegetarian children and adolescents.
European Jnl of Clinical Nutrltion v.45 p.51-58

Slattery, M. et al 1991
Meat consumption and its associations with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.54 p.930-935

Troll, W. 1991
Prevention of cancer by agents that suppress oxygen radical formation.
Free Radical Research Communications v.12/13 (2) p.751-757


1990

Beilin, L.J. 1990
Diet and lifestyle in hypertension: changing perspectives.
Jnl of Cardiovascular Pharmacology v.16 (Suppl 7) p.562-566

Bennett, F.C. and Ingram, D.M. 1990
Diet and female sex hormone concentrations: an intervention study for the type of fat consumed.
American Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.52 p.808-812

Doll, R. 1990
Symposium on diet and cancer.
Proc of the Nutrition Society v.49 p.119-31.

Gregory, J. et al 1990
The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults.
HMSO, London

Johansson, G et al. 1990
Shift from a mixed diet to a lactovegetarian diet: influence on some cancer-associated intestinal bacterial enzyme activities.
Nutrition & Cancer v.14 p.239-46.

Key TJA, Roe L, Thorogood M, Moore JW, Clark GG, Wang DY. 1991
Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone, and oestradiol in male vegans and omnivores.
British Journal of Nutrition 1990;64:111-119.

Ornish, D. et al 1990
Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?
The Lancet v.336 p.129-133

Rose, D.P. and Connolly. J.M. 1990
Dietary prevention of breast cancer.
Jnl of Oncology and Tumour Pharmacotherapy v.7 (2/3) p.121-130

Thorogood M, Roe L, McPherson K, Mann J, 1990
Dietary intake and plasma lipid levels: lessons from a study of the diet of health conscious groups.
British Medical Jnl v.300 p.1297-1301

Willett, W.C. et al 1990
Relation of meat, fat and fibre intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women.
New England Jnl of Medicine v.323 (24) p.1664-1672

World Health Organisation 1990
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases.
WHO, Geneva.


1989

Hunt, I.F. et al 1989
Bone mineral content in postmenopausai women: comparison of omnivores and vegetarians.
American Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.50 p.517-523

Kestin, M. et al 1989
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in free-living men comparison of two prudent diets one based on lacto-ovo-vegetarianism and the other allowing lean meat.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.50 p.280-287

Marchand, L.L. et al 1989
Vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: a population based case control study in Hawaii.
Jnl of the National Cancer Institute v.81 p.1158-1164

Millet, P. et al 1989
Nutrient intake and vitamin status of healthy French vegetarians and non-vegetarians.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.50 p.718-727

Mills, P.K. et al 1989a
Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among Seventh-Day Adventists.
Cancer v.64 (3) p.582-590

Mills, P.K. et al 1989b
Cohort study of diet, lifestyle and prostate cancer risk in Adventist men.
Cancer v.64 p.598-604

O'Connell, J.M. et al 1989
Growth of vegetarian children: the Farm Study.
Paediatrics v.84 (3) p.475-481

Rao, P N et al. 1989
Epidemiology of oesophageal cancer.
Seminars in Surgery & Oncology v.5 (5) p.351-4.

Tayter, M. and Stanek, K.L. 1989
Anthropometric and dietary assessment of omnivore and lacto-ovo-vegetarian children.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.89 (11) p.1661-1663

Thorogood M, McPherson K, Mann J. 1989
Relationship of body mass index, weight and height to plasma lipid levels in people with different diets in Britain.
Community Medicine v.11 (3) p.230-233


1988

Breslau, N.A. et al 1988
Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism.
Jnl of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism v.66 (1) p 140-146

Burr, M. and Butland, B. 1988
Heart disease in British vegetarians.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.830-832

Dwyer, J.T. 1988
Health aspects of vegetarian diets.
Amencan Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.712-738

Freeland-Graves, J.H. 1988
Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p 859-862

Jacobs, C. and Dwyer J.T. 1988
Vegetarian children: appropriate and inappropriate diets.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.811-818

Kelsay, J.L. et al 1988
Impact of variation in carbohydrate intake on mineral utilisation by vegetarians.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.875-879

Marsh, A G et al. 1988
Vegetarian lifestyle and bone mineral density.
Am Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.48 (3) p.837-41.

Mills, P.K. 1988
Animal product coinsumption and subsequent fatal breast cancer risk among Seventh-Day Adventists.
American Jnl of Epidemiology v.l27 (3) p 440-453

Mills P K et al. 1988
Dietary habits and past medical history as related to fatal pancreas cancer risk among Adventist men.
Cancer v.61 (12). p.2578-85.

Snowdon, D. 1988
Animal product consumption and mortality because of all causes combined, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer in Seventh Day Adventist.
Am Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.739-48.

van Stavaren, W.A. and Dagnelie, P C. 1988
Food consumption, growth and development of Dutch children fed on alternative diets.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.48 p.818-821


1987

Helman, A.D. and Darnton-Hill, I. 1987
Vitamin and iron status in new vegetarians.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.45 p.785-789

Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, McPherson K, Mann JI. 1987
Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in Britain.
British Medical Jnl v.295 p.351-353

Wiseman, M.J. et al 1987
Dietary composition and renal function in healthy subjects.
Nephron v.46 (1) p.37-42


1986

British Medical Association 1986
Diet, nutrition and health: report of the Board of Science and Education.
British Medical Association, London

Dickerson, J & Davies, J. 1986
Consequences for health of a vegetarian diet.
Postdoctoral thesis, University of Surrey.

Levin, N. et al 1986a
Energy intake and body weight in ovo-lacto-vegetarians.
Jnl of Clinical Gastroenterology v.8 (4) p.451-453

Levin, N. et al 1986b
Mineral intake and blood levels in vegetarians.
Israel Jnl of Medlcal Science v.22 (2) p.105-108

Margetts, B.M. et al 1986
Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial.
British medical Jnl v.293 p.1468-1471

Martin, M J et al. 1986
Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: implications from a cohort study of 361,662 men.
The Lancet p.933-6.

Renaud, S. et al 1986
Influence of long-term platelet function and composition in Moselle farmers.
American Jnl of Clinlcal Nutrition v.43 p.136-150


1985

Bursztyn, P.G. and van Dias F.W. 1985
Dietary protein and blood pressure.
Clinical and Experimental Hypertens A. v.7 (11) p.1553-1562

Davies, G.J. et al 1985
Dietary fibre intakes of individuals with different eating patterns.
Human Nutrition Applied Nutrition v.39 (2) p.139-148

Dickerson, J.W. et al 1985
Disease patterns in individuals with different eating patterns.
Jnl Royal Society Health v.105 (6) p.191-194

Pixley F. et al 1985
Effect of vegetarianism on development of gallstones in women.
British Medical Jnl v.291 p.11-12

Snowdon, D.A. and Phillips. R.L. 1985
Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes?
American Jnl of Public Health v.75 (5) p.507-512

WHO 1985
Energy and protein requirements: report of a joint WHO/UNU expert consultation. Technical Report Series no.724.
WHO, Geneva


1984

Abdulla, M. et al 1984
Nutrient intake and health status of lacto-vegetarians: chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.40 (2) p.325-338

Bull, N.L. and Barber S.A. 1984
Food and nutrient intakes of vegetarians in Britain.
Human Nutrition Applied Nutntion v.38A p.288-293

COMA, Department of Health and Social Security 1984
Diet and cardiovascular disease.
HMS0, London

Kahn, H.A. et al 1984
Association between reported diet and all-cause mortality: 21 year follow-up on 27,350 adult Seventh-Day Adventists.
American Jnl of Epidemiology v.119 (5) p.775-787

Snowdon, D.A. et al 1984
Meat consumption and fatal ischaemic heart disease.
Preventative Medicine v.73 (5) p 490-500

Turjiman, N et al. 1984
Diet, nutrition and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer: metabolism of bile acids.
Am Jnl Clinical Nutrition v.4 p.937-41.


1983

NACNE, 1983
Proposals for nutritional guidelines for health education in Britain.
Health Education Council, London

Rouse, I.L. et al 1983
The relationship of blood pressure to diet and lifestyle in two religious populations.
Jnl of Hypertenslon v.1 p.65-71

Shultz, T.D. and Leklem, J.E. 1983
Dietary status of Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians and non-vegetarians.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.83 (1) p.972-974


1982

British Diabetic Association 1982
Dietary recommendations for diabetics for the 1980's: a policy statement by the BDA. Human Nutrition.
Applied Nutrition v.36A p.378-394

Dwyer, J.T. et al 1982
Nutritional status of vegetarian children.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.35 (2) p.204-216

Goldin, B.R. et al 1982
Oestrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women.
New England Jnl of Medicine v.307 p.1542-1547

Knuiman, J. and West. C. 1982
The concentration of cholesterol in serum and in various serum lipoproteins in macrobiotic, vegetarian and non-vegetarian men and boys.
Atherosclerosis v.43 p.71-82

Shinwell, E.D. and Gorodischer. R. 1982
Totally vegetarian diets and infant nutrition.
Paediatrics v.70 (4) p.582-586


1981

Abdulla, M. et al 1981
Nutrient intake and health status of vegans: chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.34 p.2464-2477

Anderson, B.M. et al 1981
The iron and zinc status of long-term vegetarian women.
American Jnl of Clinical Nutrition v.34 p.1942-1048

Burr, M. et al 1981
Plasma cholesterol and blood pressure in vegetarians.
Jnl of Human Nutrition v.35 p.437-441

Rattan, J. et al 1981
A high-fibre diet does not cause mineral and nutrient deficiencies.
Jnl of Clinical Gastroenterology v.3 (4) p.389-393


1980

Dwyer, J.T. et al 1980
Size, obesity, and leanness in pre-school vegetarian children.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.77 (4) p.434-439

Freeland-Graves, J.H. et al 1980
Zinc status of vegetarians
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.77 p.655-661

Marsh, A.G. et al 1980
Cortical bone density of adult lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous women.
Jnl of the American Dietetic Association v.76 p.148-151

Phillips, R L et al. 1980
Mortality among California Seventh Day Adventists for selected cancer sites.
Jnl National Cancer Institute v.65 p.1097-107.

Taber, L.A. and Cook, R.A. 1980
Dietary and anthropometric assessment of adult omnivores, fish-eaters and lacto-ovo-vegetarians.
Jnl of the Amencan Dietetic Association v.76 p.351-353


1979

Gear, J.S. et al 1979
Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre.
The Lancet v.1 p.511-514


1977

Armstrong, B. et al 1977
Blood pressure in Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians.
American Jnl of Epidemiology v.105 p.444-449


1975

Phillips, R.L. et al 1975
Role of lifestyle and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists.
Cancer Research v.35 (11) p.3513-3522


1974

Sacks, F M et al. 1974
Blood pressure in vegetarians.
Am Jnl Epidemiology v.100 p.390-8.


1969

Peacock, M et al. 1969
Hypercalcuria of renal stone disease.
Proc of Renal Stone Research Symposium, Livingston, London.